gh the correspondence of their fnl. capabilities to fnl. cells occupied by them was of much benefit to the systemic development of many states, nonetheless such combinations were rather rare exceptions than a rule. And the number of talented fng. units of low estates left anonymous in fnl. cells of the first order of hyperorganisms of the second type will remain unknown forever.
   Undoubtedly, the systemic organisation of the society of the feudal period, as of the slave-holding before, has fulfilled its historic mission in the cause of the evolution of Matter in general and of the human civilization, in particular. It is enough to compare the levels of development of productive powers, cultural potential and biogenetical possibilities of man at the beginning of these epochs and at their end to be convinced of it. However, having existed for more than one thousand years, the hyperorganisms of the second type with the feudal principle of the filling in of fnl. cells with fng. units had to give up their place to hyperorganisms of the third type with a so named capitalistic principle of filling in.

Capitalistic Period. The beginning of the new epoch was marked by a series of bourgeois revolutions, which occurred in those countries where the biosocial potential was reaching the most negative significances, and the former obsolete organisational principle of the filling in of fnl. cells with fng. units did not meet more and more a growing level of the intellectual development of nations. The fnl. meaning of revolutions consisted in the systemic shake up of all fng. units of some relatively closed hypersystem, accompanied by forcible vacating of fnl. cells of upper parts of its pyramids. The fng. units, who usually did not like to leave the above said cells, were exposed to a physical extermination. As a result of this painful, but essential for the general progress of human civilization process of the entire reorganisation of hypersystems, the estate-castes' verges, which were separating some groups of fng. units from others and were the principal obstacle of proper filling in of fnl. cells of hyperstructures, were gradually being erased. Owing to this, every individual had a much broader opportunity than before, depending on the level of his intellect's development to fill in this or that cell at any level of the vertical of fnl. pyramids.

   The hyperstructures of the second type destroyed during bourgeois revolutions were requiring the creation of new forms of social integration. Various organisational problems that appeared in connection with this were assisting an augmentation of the number of individuals with an active highest signal subsystem of the cerebrum, which was specialising precisely on this range of specific irritants. Their active functioning was named afterwards 'the organisational activity', which constituted some kind of creative work in forming optimum structures of fnl. cells of various hyperorganisms and filling them in with appropriate fng. units (the selection and placing of personnel). Formulated as a result of the activity of bourgeois organisers the intrastructural regulation of public functioning, fixed by new legal standards, enabled the regular access of fng. units with appropriate phenogenotype into cells of upper levels of fnl. pyramids, which in its turn has led to the extension of the share of effective implementation of algorithms of a high order.
   The active attraction of highly intellectual fng. units into cells of upper levels of various pyramids raised the capability of the cerebrum to respond to a more broad range of problems, after which a further differentiation of fnl. centres of its highest signal subsystems by groups of problems-irritants followed, during which its perceiving receptors of problems, sharply responding to some certain problems-irritants and communicating an arisen excitement in a necessary direction along the structure of the cerebrum, at the same time remained indifferent to a great number of others. All that was telling in a favourable way on the augmentation of the number of inventors in industry and scientists in various branches of science, for whom it now became important to get as a fng. unit not only to a required level along the vertical, but also into an appropriate fnl. cell along the horizontal of fnl. pyramids. As a result of their fruitful functioning the rapid technical re-equipment of production pyramids was being realised at the expense of a broader and broader use of various machines and mechanisms as well as of extensive utilisation of the power of wind, falling water, and afterwards of reactions of combustion of coal, petroleum and natural gas. Underlying operations of inorganic structural formations - machines, these highly effective sources of energy allowed to free, substituting them in fnl. cells of the first order, a huge quantity of fng. units - people, whose costly energy of biochemical reactions, going in tissues of muscles of their organisms, was serving before that as a power supply source for the fulfilment of many appropriate algorithms of the lower order. Relieved of low-intellectual functioning in cells of the first order the fng. units were filling in with more willingness cells of a higher level, assisting the augmentation of their number. All that was meeting the laws of the motion of Matter in quality-time to a certain extent.
   Caused by a differentiation of cells a further integration of the society led not only to the structural growth of then existing fnl. pyramids, but to the multiplying of their number. The optimality of formation and reconstruction of each pyramid as well as the filling in of its cells with appropriate fng. units was entirely dependent on the organisational capabilities of the highest signal subsystem of the cerebra of individuals, who were filling in cells of administration of an appropriate pyramid, while the conditions of private business undertakings, inherent to the capitalistic system of relations, were influencing favourably to a certain extent on the organisational rivalry. To newly established fnl. pyramids should be attributed so important, as a bank, which exerted through control over the operation of finances a certain influence on the development of these or other branches of economy.
   Simultaneously the evolution of sections of the highest signal subsystems of the man's cerebrum was continuing, increasing the efficiency of his functioning and acquiring the capability to the irritation on the enlarged list of stimuli, including such as promotion up along the vertical of a pyramid, an improvement of his welfare, attainment of popularity and glory, and others. The stimulus of promotion constituted a developing searching instinct of the individual, facilitating him to find a fnl. cell in the structural depth of pyramids, corresponding by the set of algorithms to his fnl. abilities. The diversification of kinds of stimulation of functioning in each cell while keeping money recompense as basic, was being realised with their simultaneous uniting into diverse combinations, from the optimality of which a degree of excitability of appropriate subsystems of the cerebrum of every fng. unit was depending. The broadening at the same time of a variety of sections of perception of the highest signal subsystems with the specialisation of them by groups of problems-irritants had as its basis also a self-defending function, as the excitement of the CNS from the whole range of ever-increasing problems would have led otherwise to the destruction of the delicate mechanism of creative functioning.
   Meanwhile, the fine nuancing of the above said specialisation of subsystems of the cerebrum to a certain kind of irritants and stimulators did not have any outward distinguishing features and therefore could be defined only during the process of functioning by its results. Owing to this, at first the revealing and selection of the most individuals fitted for a given kind of functioning were carried out by means of the competition, later - with the help of various psychological tests.
   As a result of the hypersystemic reorganisation reached by humanity, it has achieved for a hundred and fifty years' duration of functioning of hyperorganisms of the third type such progress, which exceeded all the attainments obtained before during a thousand years of the feudal epoch. The evolution of these self-regulating hypersystems went on up to nowadays and its rate met to a certain extent the laws of the motion of Matter in quality-time, but the capitalistic (in the initial phase of its development) principle of the filling in of pyramids' fnl. cells with fng. units naturally could not become the summit of the systemic organisation of human society. The reason for that was lying in its foundation, that is in the private property for capital, which was handed down as inheritance without the taking into account of phenogenotypical peculiarities of the posterity, directly influencing on fnl. abilities of every new generation of fng. units. Because of this the more and more capital capacious means of production of the developing industry were creating now and then an insuperable barrier between fnl. cells of their proprietors-managers and fng. units - individuals with a highest signal subsystem of the cerebrum specialised on organisation and management, but who did not own the capital. This barrier was not less insuperable also during the filling in with fng. units of the fnl. cells of governments' pyramids of capitalist countries, where very expensive election campaigns as well as the lack of the scientifically founded selection of candidates by their fnl. abilities and preparations were leading at times to the election of accidental people from propertied ones or from those, who had their patronage, to important public posts. But even a most prominent lawyer, a representative of military or business circles, or even a party functioner cannot always be a good minister or a vice-president. However, if during the period of feudal separation and patriarchality the cases of the filling in of upper cells of governments' pyramids with low-effective fng. units had little influence on the development of a hypersystem as a whole, then now at a higher level of integration of social organisms even low-efficient functioning though of one of the fng. units on the top of pyramids could affect the process of social development ruinously, and the higher cell this unproductive fng. unit was occupying, the bigger the negative effect he began to make.
   Thus, the availability of excessive freedom in capitalistic comprehension, from one side, making difficult a further systemic integration of the society as well as the private possession and inheritance of capital, from the other side, began to stand in the way of a further hypersystemic development of the human civilization and to hamper the motion of Matter in quality-time. Owing to this, the capitalist social structures of the initial period were in a fever from time to time because of social-economic shocks, being determinated by the action of the laws of phenogenodynamics and accompanied by such unhealthy phenomena as various crises and slumps in economy, bankruptcy, growth of inflation, lock-outs, chronic unemployment. To keep a social-dynamic balance in capitalist hypersystems of the early period such extreme measures of self-regulation of this formation started to be used more and more often as a nationalisation of some sectors of economy, which signalled of the incapability of previous leaders of administration of appropriate governing pyramids to organise their normal functioning and development. Both the competing tendencies of capitalist integration of the initial period - monopolisation and nationalisation - along with the private initiative of decentralised sectors of economy, however, were not in a position to provide a full hypersystemic homeostasis in appropriate countries while there existed in them the possession and inheritance together with capital of fnl. cells of organisers as well and a lack of sufficient understanding of the necessity as well as a scientifically founded methodology of filling in these cells with the maximum appropriate fng. units, that is with those having a necessary spectrum of fnl. centres of the cerebrum's highest signal subsystems, directed on solving problems of the organisation of a given hyperorganism. At the same time the said problems ought to be its permanent irritants.

Period of Modern Hyperorganisation. All the foregoing has created pre-requisites for the appearance of hyperorganisms of the fourth type, the birth of which coincided with the socialist revolution in Russia. The ideas of a social reconstruction of the society arose long before that in the advanced minds of individuals--theorists, living in the most developed countries of western Europe, however, they arose not quite by chance, but were dictated by the course of the Evolution of Matter itself, by the action of its laws. And the reason why the first hypersystemic shake up of such kind happened in Russia in 1917 can be explained by the fact that due to patriarchal-monarchic foundations turned out in this country a significant delay took place in the appearance and multiplying of hyperorganisms of the third type. The belated February bourgeois revolution could not reduce the biosocial potential of a big negative value accumulated by that time, since the new and weak bourgeois stratum had not yet promoted (or had not acquired) capable organisers. However, among fng. units of the lower estate there were a significant number of them. Therefore exactly they, united in a single party with rigid discipline and led by individuals with new organisational approaches, became creators of hypersystemic organisms of a new type, in the organisation of which a socialist principle of the filling in of fnl. cells with fng. units was laid: from everyone - by (his fnl.) abilities.

   The abolition of private property for capital eliminated the legal basis of handing down as an inheritance as well as the possibility of occupying fnl. cells of the upper part of pyramids for any arbitrarily long period of time. Only in a socialist state, as it was intended by the theorists of socialism, should each citizen have the right fixed in the constitution to occupy any fnl. cell of any level of any fnl. pyramid without the right to inherit it to his posterity. Thus, the last legal obstacle to filling in fnl. cells with any fng. units maximally corresponding to them by fnl. capabilities was removed in hyperorganisms of the fourth type. The possibility itself of the free placing of each fng. unit depending on its fnl. spectrum into an appropriate fnl. cell at any level along both the vertical and the horizontal of pyramids met fully the laws of phenogenodynamics and assisted in keeping up the social-dynamic balance of a hypersystem.
   The ideas of socialism and social reorganisation of the society became popular not only in Russia. Under the influence of laws of the Evolution of Matter they thrilled and excited the minds of a significant part of the population in many countries of the world, including those with a developed infrastructure of systems of hyperorganisms. Therefore, revolutionary transformations also affected many western countries. However, taking into consideration that the basis of their state hypersystems was constituted of already quite developed hyperorganisms of the third type, that for that time were still meeting the then requirements of the motion of Matter in quality-time, more or less serious political changes did not take place in those countries. At the same time, the evolutionary need in these transformations has influenced greatly the process of accelerated development of hyperorganisms of the third type of their hypersystems into hyperorganisms of the fourth type. It can be illustrated by many facts. To them we can attribute a consecutive growth of the stratum of hired professional managers, and a growth of the number of joint-stock companies and companies, managed jointly by a few joint proprietors, and restrictions while inheriting capital, and strengthening of bank and state regulation of industrial and agricultural production, and many other indications, which assisted to a more qualitative filling in of fnl. cells of social pyramids with appropriate fng. units. All this led to a reduction of the negative values of the social biopotential and assisted in keeping up a social-dynamic balance in hypersystems of those countries.
   Thus, starting from the first third of the twentieth century, humanity, the numbers of which by that time already exceeded 1.6 billion people, became a witness and a direct participant of the global, never before seen systemic integration of hyperorganisms of the fourth type, which was requiring a further and more precise combination of functional abilities of fng. units with algorithms being fulfilled of fnl. cells occupied by them, simultaneously raising the degree of the negative effect from their improper functioning. In this connection, as never before, the role of the organising process increased and became not a solitary episodic act, but the permanent creative activity of hundreds of thousand of fng. units - people, provided with the specialised phenogenotype.
   The specific kind of functioning, which the organising process is, in the present-day understanding should accomplish the following tasks, which it is possible to express as the ability:
   1. To define as precisely as possible:
   a) the whole range of 'problems for solution', that a hypersystem has at a given moment in any field of its functioning - from abstract-scientific to utilitarian-social;
   b) approaching (being expected) with time 'problems of the future' and being planned in prospect 'targets of development';
   2. To divide up a given range of problems and targets by spatial-qualitative-temporal indications and to attach them to appropriate hyperorganisms. No one problem should be left without attention or appropriate attachment;
   3. To form optimal structures of fnl. cells of all hyperorganisms of a given system in accordance with the list of problems and targets, raised before each hyperorganism for their solution. To re-form permanently the hyperstructures as the spectrum of problems and targets renews;
   4. To determinate a set of algorithms for each fnl. cell, conditioning it by the differentiating of functions within the framework of a given hyperorganism. To revise regularly the sets of algorithms as the re-forming of hyperorganisms' structures is going in accordance with the dynamics of the forming of problems and targets;
   5. To fill in fnl. cells with fng. units appropriate by their fnl. abilities, having specific spectrums of fnl. centres of the cerebrum's highest signal subsystems, specialised on irritation from a part of problems, being put before a given fnl. cell, and on their effective solution (selection and placing of personnel);
   6. To establish favourable conditions for the normal functioning of all fng. units in their fnl. cells as well as to provide control on their proper functioning;
   7. As far as individual fnl. abilities of every fng. unit are changing in ontogenesis, to provide in due time their transferences to other, more corresponding to them fnl. cells with the simultaneous filling in of the cells, that became free, with new, not less specialised fng. units.
   Thus, in the organising process it is possible to pick out the two mutually coordinated trends:
   1. To form an optimal social hyperstructure of fnl. cells, maximally responding to the dynamics of problems and targets requiring solution.
   2. To allocate and assign the whole existing mass of heterogeneous by their fnl. abilities fng. units in hyperorganisms' fnl. cells, corresponding to a specialised phenogenotype of each of them.
   It is quite natural that only the people who have fnl. centres of the cerebrum's highest signal subsystems tuned up accordingly to 'the problems of organising', became able to carry out the colossal, still increasing organisational work, and that only such people could function effectively in fnl. cells of organisers-managers, which every hyperorganism should have in a sufficiently reasonable quantity. Moreover, the organisers themselves should be well organised into a single fnl. pyramid which was reflected in the history by the establishment of various political parties. At the same time, taking into consideration that individuals who have specific spectrums of the highest signal subsystems' fnl. centres, directed to the solving of organisational problems, constitute only a part of the self-employed active population of each generation of humanity, it is necessary to seek them out constantly and, depending on the level of the development and an individual specific character of their fnl. centres' spectrums, to fill in with them appropriate fnl. cells of a pyramid of the organisational functioning, to load at a maximum their fnl. abilities, meanwhile assisting in every possible way their normal activity. The process of the filling in of organisers' fnl. cells with fng. units in no way should have a stochastic (incidental) character, because a casual entering them by inappropriate fng. units always leads to their unauthoritativity and passiveness, caused by the lack of irritability to problems and targets, that a fnl. cell has for solution, or to their false activity, that gives rise to wrong, burdensome for corresponding hyperorganism, decisions. All this reduces the efficiency of functioning of a hypersystem as a whole, leads to the weakening of its fnl. potential and the growing, because of the violation of laws of the phenogenodynamics, of the negative value of the social biopotential. Finally, the result of this is an augmentation of the number of unsolved problems and targets being ignored, causing a destabilisation of the social-dynamic balance of any hypersystem.
   On applying all that to the theory of the socialist society, it is necessary to emphasize that objective laws attributed to it were and are the laws of not only functioning, but of a further social evolution as well. Therefore it is necessary to regard every really socialist enterprise or establishment not as an economic mechanism, which emasculates out of it the dialectical content and deprives it beforehand of an opportunity to develop, but as a hyperorganism, which is a permanently developing relatively isolated for fulfilment of some common function system of fnl. cells, filled with appropriate fng. units, closely connected between themselves by intrasystemic intercells fnl. relations. Such an approach to socialist organisation in countries, which would have entered the way of construction of the socialism, could eliminate all that which was hampering their development. However, no full understanding and/or underestimation of this circumstance at a certain stage of the socialist development, that lasted only several decades in a few countries, has led first of all to the distortion of the processes of formation and functioning of the most perfect hyperorganisms of the fourth type and as a consequence to infringements of the phenogenodynamics' laws as a whole. Moreover, even the filling in of the uppermost fnl. cells (of state and party leadership) of these social hypersystems ceased to meet the present-day requirements of the hypersystemic formation and development, as a result of which this development at a certain moment has halted, but the socialist society itself began rolling down gradually to passiveness and stagnation more and more. All that arose on the thickening background of the social-scientific illiteracy, dogmatism, scholasticism, incompetence and militant bureaucracy of the most part of ruling leaders. Finally, the socialist experiment in its pure form, not meeting any more the requirements of the motion of Matter in quality-time, under the influence of the laws of social evolution gradually ended in the last third of the twentieth century in most countries where it was started. So, the foretold long ago convergence of the two social systems has entered into the final phase, dividing the human civilisation practically only into two main categories - hypersystemically developed countries (North America, most of Europe, Japan, Australia, etc.) and undeveloped ones (Africa, most of Asia, most of Latin America, etc.). The Laws of the Evolution of Matter, of its Dialectics proved to be victorious again. They were and remain the criterion of correctness of the direction of motion and evolution of the human formation. Only they dictated and continue to dictate the character of actions for getting over all available problems and for achieving all planned aims. Therefore each existing nation or a contemporary state in order to meet the requirements of the 'actual' time should undoubtedly conform to the laws of hypersystemic organisation and phenogenodynamics, following from the Laws of the Evolution of Matter, by means of permanent perfection of the composition of intrastructural inter-cells' links of their every hyperorganism, enrichment of the aggregate phenogenofund and ensuring the maximum correspondence of fng. units to the fnl. cells occupied by them. Only such an approach can allow these nations and states to create a perfect system of up-to-date hyperorganisms of the fourth type and with their help to increase sharply their scientific-technical and social-economic potential.
   In present-day geopolitics, reflecting opposing organisational tendencies in human society, in this connection the scientific-systemic prevision acquires more and more significance. A correct prognostication of the political situation in any separately taken country and various regions of the world will depend more and more on the knowledge of those, who need it, of how to estimate precisely, to model a hypersystemic situation turned out in these regions as well as to predict its transformation in accordance with the requirements of the organisational development in the nearest future.
   Analysing the tendencies prevailing during thousands of years and particularly during the latest decades in the organisational development of hyperorganisms and the factors influencing the keeping up of the state of social homeostasis in them in the presence of a well-known row of variable quantities, it is possible to deduce a certain sense of mutual dependence between them, characterized by the so named 'coefficient of fnl. efficiency of systemic organisation' of a given hypersystem (Kf.e.s.o.).

Kf.e.s.o. = Kc.p.t. + Ks.c. + Kph.g.f. + Ku./c.

where Kc.p.t. - the coefficient of comprehension of 'problems' and 'targets', characterising the comprehending by solutions of available problems and planned targets as well as the attachment of each newly appearing problem or target to this or that hyperorganism.

   Ks.c. - the coefficient of systemic composition, characterising the optimality of formation of fnl. pyramids and the dynamics of their re-forming as the spectrum of problems being solved is changing.
   Kph.g.f. - the coefficient of aggregate phenogenofund.
   The process of 'brains drain' from some countries to others leads to an appropriate alteration in these hypersystems of precisely this coefficient. But the main factor having an influence on its magnitude remains as previously the level of development of science and public education in a given state itself. There, where the rate of growth of this coefficient is behind the average magnitude or comes down, a phenogenetic degeneration of a nation or a state is taking place.
   Ku./c. - the coefficient of corresponding fng. units to fnl. cells and of fnl. cells to fng. units, characterising the level of organisational-personnel work.
   All four components of Kf.e.s.o. of hypersystems are striving to increase. In historical retrospection this coefficient is much lower at every earlier formation, than at subsequent ones, but higher than at preceding ones. Thus, Kf.e.s.o. is the index of the level of civilization and systemic integration, attained by this or that hypersystem. (Nowadays it is possible to judge indirectly about its relative magnitude even by the structure of foreign trade of this or that state.) Therefore the bigger its magnitude, the higher the level of the systemic organisation of a given hypersystem and the longer the period of the state of homeostasis will be in it. Those hypersystems would have the future, that will have the highest rate of growth of this summary coefficient, giving a proper attention to the increase of each of its components. And it is possible to achieve this only by correctly using the deductions of modern scientific theories remembering at the same time the words of the famous Russian mathematician N.I. Lobachevskij who said that: "... Everything in the nature is subject to a measurement, everything can be counted".
   These are all reasons to suppose that the hypersystemic organisation of Matter is striving in the end for such a dynamically stable state, at which all fng. units - people being born will occupy only those fnl. cells of hyperstructures that correspond the most to their phenogenotypical characteristics. Exactly in this the Laws of Dialectics of Matter, how strange it can be, are harmonious with the communist principle of the filling in of fnl. cells with fng. units: "From everyone - by fnl. abilities, to everyone - by fnl. requirements", that is the combining of fnl. abilities with fnl. requirements for each fng. unit can happen only while filling in with it of an appropriate fnl. cell. Therefore, having ruled out the pseudo-communist regimes, it is still too early to reject completely the communist ideas or reveries themselves as such, as their appearance was not casual at all.
   One way or another, but seriously speaking, it is necessary to bear in mind that in the end the entire humanity, as a single whole, under the influence of the Laws of materialistic Dialectics is striving for such a state, at which the biosocial homeostasis will have a neutral background. To such a state of society it is possible to give any theoretical name. We shall call it by a code name 'a society with an ideal systemic self-organisation'. The most distinguishing feature of the above society will be that all its members - fng. units, receiving a periodic comparative testimonial to their functional phenogenoabilities and requirements will have all rights and opportunities to occupy for a strictly definite period of time any, even the uppermost fnl. cell along both the structural vertical and the horizontal of any of the fnl. pyramids existing in the hypersystem.
   At the same time, the filling in for a strictly definite period of time of any, even the uppermost fnl. cell along both the structural vertical and the horizontal of any of the existing in the hypersystem fnl. pyramids will be realised only with the most corresponding to it, proceeding from an available at a given moment of time presence, fng. unit - individual, able in the process of its functioning to fulfil in the best way the whole list of fnl. algorithms assigned to a given fnl. cell. The present-day right of private property will be transformed gradually in future society into the right of personal responsibility (both individual and collective), depending on a fnl. cell in the structure of an appropriate pyramid a given fng. unit occupies, for the normal functioning and further development of this or that hyperorganism. Only at such order the most useful and responsible, but not the most avid and power-seeking individuals will strive to occupy fnl. cells on the top of pyramids' structural vertical.
   There is no doubt that such a society will surely be formed (and the sooner, the better), and all the following generations of humanity will have to take it obligatorily into consideration more and more. Exactly the reason therefore why for the present-day generation the knowledge of the Laws of Dialectics is so important, as only by taking them into consideration and only with their help will it be able as an actual (that is for the present moment of time) representative of all generations of humanity of both the preceding and the following ones (and bearing an appropriate part of responsibility before all of them) to form correctly its (as well as their) FUTURE, dosed with problems within a norm.
   But what will be this FUTURE? With an understanding of the Laws of the Dialectics of Matter, now it is already not so difficult for us to imagine it. It is quite natural that the further Evolution of Matter will go on the way of superhypersystemic self-organisation, during which human society in the end, having formed ideally on a planet the Earth as a single whole with a neutral background, will become itself a fng. unit in a fnl. cell of some extrasuperhyperorganism within the limits of the evolving Universe. By other analogous fng. units there can be either some other civilizations, or future branches of our own civilization, if the colonization of the Universe will begin (and it is not excluded at all) only from our planet. But this is already a relatively DISTANT FUTURE...


[ To Contents ] [ Part IV ]

Igor I. Kondrashin - Dialectics of Matter (Part IV)

[ To Contents ]

Igor I. Kondrashin

Dialectics of Matter

IV. Systemic Architectonics of
Organisational Levels of Matter

"Since the creative thought is an important attribute, that distinguishes a human being from a monkey, it should be esteemed as higher than gold and kept with more thrift."

A.D. Hall

So then, all the material reality surrounding us is woven from elements of the three categories - quality, space and time. The motion along these categories provides the Evolution of Matter, without which it cannot practically exist, and comes to the creation of the cascade hierarchy, theoretically designated by us ... a ... B ... F ... K ... and so on. The organisation of the elements of all known levels into complex systems is not casual, but determinated by the motion of Matter in quality, that is along the category, in order to comprehend which (in contradistinction to the two other ones - space and time) it is possible for the human intellect only through developing more and more in itself the highest spheres of scientific abstraction.

   As we have ascertained, the fnl. differentiation and structural integration of material formations are caused mainly by the motion of the actual point of the Evolution of Matter in quality-time by the means of permanent augmentation of new functions (). Each newly acquired function becomes a positive moment in the systemic evolution of Matter. But what provokes the appearance of functions themselves? As the causality of this even forward motion of Matter, accompanied by the whole gamut of events and phenomena of the surrounding world, the constant increase of some negative potential inherent in the material reality, neutralised by the systemic evolution of Matter with the help of new functions, serves. We shall not delve deeply in this research also into this mystery of Matter, getting mixed up with really detected by man anti-particles and anti-substance, however, it is unwise nowadays to reject the facts, that this peculiarity of Matter is incarnated concretely in its motion also along one more specific category - 'problems-time'. The nature of this motion is still to be studied in prospect in more detail, but nevertheless it is possible to say safely already now, that together with the even going of periods of time the accumulation of the said negative systemic potential occurs and is outwardly invisible, but being felt in reality fnl. cells become accounting units of it. The necessity of their well-timed filling in with appropriate fng. units creates in the end the whole list of the consecutively growing number of problems. Each newly appearing specific function during the motion of Matter in quality-time, endowing with its characteristics a certain fng. unit, is summoned 'to cover' by itself an appropriate fnl. cell, providing by that a due 'solution' of a next in turn problem of filling in, marked on the coordinate of problems-time. Systemic formations of fng. units, being created at every organisational level, serve for the solution of complex problems of the structural filling in of fnl. cells, at the same time their own organisational laws of neutralisation of a negative systemic potential (physics, chemical, biological, social and so on) are inherent in each of them, while the apogee of the systemic evolution of Matter as a whole is always located within the limits of the latest qualitative level.
   Examining the Evolution of Matter from the point of counting off of today, it is not difficult to make certain, that the most actively it occurs at the hypersystemic level and reduces first of all to the optimisation of the hypersystemic organisation. This process is conditioned by the social laws of neutralisation of the negative systemic potential and depends more and more on the organisational abilities of the highest signal subsystems of the cerebrum of the Man. The velocity of the causal motion in problems-time as well as of the neutralising it motion in quality-space-time is described by the known energy formula; therefore for a closed space of the Earth, in which the evolution of the all-human superhypersystem is going meanwhile, the accumulation of the negative systemic potential, and together with it of the number of problems of filling in, is occurring still in the same quadratic dependence on the going of time, that is . The fnl. cells not filled today or filled in by not those fng. units tomorrow, due to the growing of the negative systemic potential, all the same will require their appropriate filling in.
   The ignoring of the factor of growth of the number of problems of the systemic filling in does not assist in their well-timed solution; to the unsolved today in this or that hypersystem problems of arisen deficit and shortage there will be added automatically besides somebody's will in much more quantity tomorrow's problems, increasing in the hypersystem the negative systemic-organisational potential, and by that destabilising its social homeostasis. The Matter does not know rest, it is always in motion. Such is the logic of its Dialectics. That is why nowadays as never before it is necessary to concentrate the most intent attention on the potential possibilities of the fng. unit of the level K - the Man, the organising ability of the cerebrum of whom is playing at the hypersystemic level a more and more dominating role both in the solution of accumulating hypersystemic problems through 'the cognition of this necessity' and in the prolongation of the Evolution of Matter as a whole.
   Thus, man is the most complex self-regulating functional system that arose as a result of the long synthesis of fnl. systems of all previous sublevels. Man is the organisational peak of systems of all sublevels, extended under him. His organism includes a great number of heterofunctional subsystems, the organs and tissues of which constitute combinations of organic cells various by structure and functions. Those ones in their turn it is possible to partition into molecules, carrying various fnl. loads and consisting from a strictly definite number of various atoms. Atoms themselves constitute precisely designated systems of various subatomic particles, being complex combinations of various quarks. And so on till zero vibration of vacuum and lower... But lower our knowledge is powerless yet to go down. All that the most grandiose interlacement of systems and subsystems of various organisational levels is interacting precisely between themselves within spatial-temporal intervals, submitting to acting at every level own strictly definite regularities of organisational development, being dictated by a growth of the negative systemic potential and regulating the order of the filling in of each fnl. cell with an appropriate fng. unit capable of realising a set of algorithms inherent in a given fnl. cell.
   Despite its relative autonomy the system of man's organism is in a permanent interlink with the environment. From there air, water and food enter the organism regularly for the metabolic processes going in it. Man's food is a broad combination of disintegrated components of organisms of the first and second generations, from which he synthesises various fng. units for the filling in fnl. cells of his subsystemic structures. The broader the spectrum of natural components being consumed by him is, that is of those which the human organism adapted itself to assimilate over many thousands of years, the more various the reactions of metabolism going within it are, and the more complete is the set of fng. units being synthesised for the filling in fnl. cells. That is why man in his nutrition has emphasised fruits of plants and meat-milk articles, having a big enumeration of subelements and undergoing easily his intrasystemic treatment. On the contrary, a simplified set of components or their artificial synthesising, making it difficult for the organism to split them, can break metabolic reactions, as a result of which some kinds of fng. units would remain unreproduced and a part of fnl. cells - not filled at all or filled in with ersatz units. All that, as it is known, leads to the increase of the negative potential of the system of a given organism and can be a reason for its illness or even death. Therefore it is necessary to devote a special systemic research to the problems of nourishment, as also to the problems, for example, of alcoholism, smoking, etc., being the consequences of the action of the negative potential of much developed in some organisms' subsystems specialised on the splitting of alcohol or nicotine, requiring permanently for their fnl. cells more and more new portions of fng. units - the 'raw materials' for working over.
   One way or another, but to keep up his ability for active functioning the man having 60 - 85 kgs of weight during his life is utilising (consuming, eating, drinking) within 70 - 75 years on average about 40 tons of various foods and as much again of water. Both the food and water being swallowed through the mouth are undergoing in the man's organism the 100% treatment to fng. units and what is exuding out of him is the conglomeration of elements of already worked off and decomposed fng. units. Thus, during the man's life his organism is as if it were restored completely 1000 - 1200 times.
   The everyday cycle of existence of the human organism lasting 24 hours is divided into periods of keeping awake and sleep. The period of keeping awake includes the time of active functioning, taking food, receiving information and the time for relaxation (restoration processes) as well as the unproductive and auxiliary spending of time (standing in queues, going to a place of work and so on). The sleep of the man, which includes the paradoxical and slow phases, bears not less by significance fnl. load, connected mainly with nervous-psychical activity of the cerebrum, including the work of the mechanism of memory as well as the recharging of bioaccumulative subsystems. That is why the increasing of periods of active functioning, necessary rest, taking food and sleeping influences positively on the coefficient of the effective use of every-day balance of time of each fng. unit, and the growth of unproductive and auxiliary spending of time - negatively. Thus, the everyday balance of time of each man is rather tense and a relatively short period of time falls on the part of active functioning in a cell of an appropriate fnl. pyramid. The maximum increase of this part without simultaneous reduction of fnl. capabilities of fng. units - is one of the main tasks of the rational organising.
   Standing on the top of the systemic evolution of previous organisational sublevels, the Man at the same time is situated at the foot of the hypersystemic organisation of the following ones, filling in by himself fnl. cells of their structures as a fng. unit. All known hyperorganisms are created by the principle of being self-organised and self-regulated systems, however, as the basis of interconnection between fnl. cells of each given structure as well as of the regulation of alternation of an appropriate set of algorithms the biophysicochemical processes, going constantly in the cerebrums of personificated group of people, functioning as fng. units in its fnl. cells, are serving. Let us dwell briefly on these processes.
   It is known, that the most developed and evolutionary of the youngest part of the cerebrum is its big hemispheres, occupying the largest part of the man's cranium. On the outside the big hemispheres are covered with a thin layer of the grey cerebral substance with the thickness of 3-4 mm - the cerebral cortex of the big hemispheres, the surface of which in some people reaches 2500 cm2 (in a chimpanzee - 560 cm2, in a dog - 130 cm2), while 2/3 of this surface falls on the sides and the bottom of the fissures and only 1/3 is situated on the surface. Under the cerebral cortex the white substance is disposed, consisting of long sprouts of nervous cells - nerve-fibres, connecting various areas of the cortex between themselves as well as the cortex itself with undercortex centres.
   The cortex numbers until 100 milliards of neurones of various dimensions, shape and structure. They are 'packed up' very tightly and thrifty (in 1 mm3 there are more than 30 thousand neurones) and constitute six layers that differ by their functions. Owing to their sprouts and synapses the nervous cells of the cortex come into numerous contacts with each other. The number of similar links in the cortex is extremely great, if to take into consideration that the number of contacts of each out of 100 milliards of nervous cells and its sprouts with other cells and their sprouts can reach up to 6000. Therefore the cortex constitutes a single harmoniously functioning whole. The nervous cells of the cortex cannot divide, that is to multiply. A new-born baby has the same number of nervous cells as an adult organism. At the same time, as from the age of 30-35 years old, the number of nervous cells that every man has, is decreasing permanently: more than 50 thousand nervous cells are being destroyed every day. The evolution of the cortex is going on the way of extension of its surface, the complication of the structure of the cells and an increase in the number of contacts between them.
   The cerebral cortex is the direct material basis of the thinking and consciousness of man, of his spirituality. In the cortex of both hemispheres of the cerebrum the four parts are distinguished: frontal, occipital, sincipital and temporal. The frontal lobes are the highest parts of the cerebrum. They appeared the latest during the process of evolution and occupy with the man up to 30% of the cortex's surface, while with a chimpanzee - 16, with a dog - 7, with a cat - 3 percent. The frontal lobes play the most important role in the organisation of the purposeful activity, its subordination to firm intentions, stimulating reasons (motives). The other parts are in charge of the receiving, working over and storage of the information, coming from the correspondingly irritated organs of sense.
   The afferent nerve-fibres, coming to the cortex from lower parts of the cerebrum, end mainly in the third and the fourth layers; only some of them span also to the first layer as well. Because of the numerous links of the lower pyramidal cells with the associative cells of the second and third layers they are receiving the signals from the afferent nerve-fibres also through these cells. Thus, in the cerebral cortex as well as in other parts of the nervous system, the neurones form closed cyclical chains of various complexity. Each such chain has its group of afferent and efferent fibres. In such a system an excitement can be extended in all directions, both from an afferent fibre to an efferent one and vice versa, though in each link the impulses of excitement go only in one direction: the dendrite the body of a cell the axon the synapse the dendrite and so on. All closed chains and other connections of neurones are surrounded by a thick circuit of nervous sprouts, coming away from the cells participating in nervous circles, forming the neuropile, the structure of which numerous cells with short axons and much ramified dendrites also form. The neurone-neuropile structure of the cerebral cortex does not resemble similar formations in other parts of the nervous system; it is more developed, more highly organised and is destined for the implementation of the most complex functions of the cerebral cortex connected with the operating of the first, second, third and fourth signal subsystems, responsible for the normal functioning of the organism itself, his stay in conditions of environment, his interrelations with other people, his functioning as a fng. unit in some fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of the society as well as for the content of his inner world, that is his capacity for perception, imagination, the formation of notions, images and finally creativity.
   The cerebrum receives the information about the environment and the character of interaction with it through six organs of sense (eyesight, hearing, scent, touch, taste and the perceiving part of skin-muscular irritations), constantly functioning at periods of keeping awake of the organism in the mode of operation 'entry' of its appropriate signal subsystems. For the perceiving of excitements from receptors of these organs there are specialised analytical fnl. centres in the cortex, united into a particular perceiving surface. Primitive fnl. centres of the cerebrum's first signal subsystem were formed, as we have already mentioned above, with ancient representatives of the animal world. The role of these centres was to take some or other 'decision', as a reaction to this or that information-irritation, received from some organ. If the centre after analysing the information took an incorrect decision, that is initiated an unproper reaction, then the animal with such a centre sooner or later perished. Only those animals were surviving, whose centres were giving out 'correct decisions'. By such a formula the natural selection was and is being fulfilled until nowadays, being the efficacious mechanism of the evolution. As subsystems of the organism were developing, the perfection of specialised centres of the first signal subsystem was going on as well, but with the appearance and perfecting of the second signal subsystem appropriate specialised centres of the second signal subsystem also appeared and started their development. The organisational structure of these centres became much more complex in comparison with centres of the first signal subsystem as the functions being carried out by them became of a higher order. To the main known centres of the second signal subsystem of the cortex it is possible to attribute:
   a) the speech-motor centre of Broke, providing the possibility to speak,
   b) the auditory-speech centre of Vernike, providing the possibility to hear and understand someone else's speech,
   c) the optic-speech centre of Degerina, or the centre of reading and comprehension of speech in writing, and others.
   In the cerebral cortex it is possible to pick out as well other areas, or zones (groups of cells, distinguishing themselves by a specific form, size and structure), the functions of which are linked with these or those psychical manifestations of the organism. Therefore it is quite natural, that with the formation in due time in the man's organism of the third, and later of the fourth signal subsystems, appropriate specialised centres began arising in historically young layers of the frontal lobes of his cerebrum's cortex, their structure being different to a considerable extent from the centres of lower signal subsystems. Their main distinction is that their receptors are situated not in the organs of sense, but in the specialised centres themselves of the first and second signal subsystems. Owing to this these centres have very short afferent and efferent fibres, but their number is relatively very great. Specialised centres of the fourth signal subsystem spatially are located more distantly than centres of the third signal subsystem and already have their receptors inside the latter ones. Thus, the higher by its fnl. level a centre is, the more distantly it is situated from the primary fnl. core of the cerebrum, and in the aggregate all centres constitute some kind of a pyramid with the top directed downwards. On the very top of this pyramid the centres of the first signal subsystem are located, regulating the function of the heart, the lungs, the digestive system etc. These centres, vitally important for the man's organism, are hidden safer than others in the cerebrum's depth and before all the rest receive nutrition through the blood. Further to the pyramid's foundation the centres of the second, the third and finally of the fourth signal subsystems are located.
   Besides the difference in structure, the centres of the highest signal subsystems are somewhat different in their character of functioning. So, if the centres of the first and the second signal subsystems, operating by the scheme: 'an irritation the analysis the reaction (a decision) the action' and possessing practically a ready set of decisions, spend, as a rule, seconds on the implementation of this psychical algorithm, then in the centres of the third, but especially of the fourth signal subsystems, hours and days, but sometimes months and years are spent for each phase. Moreover, many irritations of the first and the second signal subsystems began to get and be worked over in the centres of the third, but sometimes even of the fourth signal subsystems. That is why in the character of functioning of specialised centres of the highest signal subsystems the processes of the versatile working up of information are prevailing more and more on the way of its analysis, comparison, estimation of possible decisions as well as of the working out of new notions, associations and algorithms of action. Thus, the phase of 'associating, creating' of a notion or a decision, being added into the scheme of centres' functioning, turned out to be the most energy-consuming and long. Owing to this the functioning of these centres becomes more and more associative, due to which it is possible to name them with confidence the associative fnl. centres of the highest signal subsystems.
   In accordance with the existing localisation of various centres of nervous-psychical functions in certain parts of the cortex, its area has divided into regions, in which the centres are united, that provide the normal functioning of both the lowest and the highest signal subsystems of the cerebrum. So, apart from a relatively small perceiving surface of the first signal subsystem, reacting to the most utilitarian irritations, and a more significant optic-auditory area of the second signal subsystem, in the process of the evolution of the human being the associative areas of the highest signal subsystems, piercing more and more all the fnl. depth of the cerebrum, receive more and more development in the cortex. Owing to this, a considerable part of the cortex begins to serve as the basis for the man's intellectual-creative associations. Therefore, if with apes a 1/3 of the surface of the whole cortex is free from direct perception, then with some people this zone reaches and sometimes even exceeds 2/3.
   The localisation of psychical functions reveals itself more and more distinctly as the evolution of the cerebrum is going. At present more than 100 functionally different centres mainly of the first and the second signal subsystems are known, running and controlling the going of these or those algorithms of subsystems both inside the organism and outside it. It is quite natural that there are much more of these centres due to the fact that, as we have already established, each centre 'serves' only its own, strictly specific function inside or outside the organism, but there are many and many hundreds, as it is known, of only outward functions, as all the social-production activity, taking place around us, consists of some or other functions. But various people have their own individual set of the cerebrum's centres, which are being reflected in the personality of each man, his individual spirituality and professional capabilities, in other words, forming that which usually considered as 'the spirit' of the human being. Due to it people differ not only by the outward appearance of their face, but also by the inner cast of mind providing their nervous-psychical ability to diverse functional activity, being as if carriers of spectrums of the cerebrum's fnl. centres formed in them. So, in spectrums of some people there are appropriate centres, enabling them to play musical instruments and even to compose music, others do not have such centres. Some people are able to learn foreign languages, others not, some can swim, others not, some can ride a bicycle, others not, some can play chess, others not, some can draw up programs for computers, others not, some can build houses, others not, etc.
   As the evolution of Matter and its motion in quality-time are going, a further differentiation, specialisation and localisation of functions in the cerebral cortex of the man occurs, however, their simultaneous integration excludes a separate functioning of certain areas of the cortex. Owing to this the cortex of the big hemispheres combines the activity of individual centres into a single whole. In accordance with requirements of the organisation of Matter more and more new fnl. centres originate in the associative areas of the cortex, by that materialising the motion in quality-time at the contemporary stage. Their formation happens from an innumerable multitude of possible interneuronic connections, among which some tracks are being singled out gradually, bringing about at first a relatively small number of communications. Temporary fnl. connections (associations) are fixed the more strongly, the more frequently they are recurring. They break original disconnection of neurones and originate the whole ensembles, elements of which can be situated in various parts of the cortex. As the whole volume of periodic information is being received, in the cortex of the cerebrum the experience of every day is being fixed, which it is possible to identify with the knowledge of algorithms and which is being accumulated gradually from day to day. To its fixation, or to the recording of algorithms, the well-adjusted mechanism of memory, especially of the long duration one, is assisting.
   As it is known, in the basis of this mechanism there are biochemical reactions, changing the structure of RNA, which is reflected on the bioelectric conductivity by the cell of these or those impulses, their generation and fading out. With the mechanism of memory our 'Ego', that is the self-consciousness, is linked. The storage and recalling of the information is one of the most important functions of the cerebral cortex. With the man the operational, of short duration and of long duration memories are distinguished. The operational memory, based mostly on biophysical phenomena, can keep a small quantity of information for some minutes. The subsystem of the memory of short duration keeps information with the time of half-desintegration of the biochemical recordings on average about 12 hours, that is after this period of time the man is able to recall only a half of the information received by him. And only the memory of long duration is able to keep biotraces of the information received before for several tens of years, however, the level of recall of this information is rather low and does not exceed on average 5%. That is why, starting from a certain historic moment with the appearance of highly organised hyperorganisms, which possessed high-complex algorithms, the systemic development itself compelled the man to use more and more often the way of storage of algorithms-recordings and other information in the written form, which moreover is convenient also, that it can be used simultaneously or in turn by several fng. units - people. Further development of the organisation of hyperorganisms required some more capacious storage of information, a more rapid way of its recording and recalling as well as a more convenient access to it. Therefore the attraction to the working up of information the memory capacity of electronic computers with their colossal possibilities increased some more the fund of algorithms and the coefficient of its fnl. use.
   The localisation of fnl. centres in the cerebral cortex is not by chance just so, as it does not remain without leaving a trace. The structural specialisation of fnl. abilities of subsystems of the cortex is recorded genetically and is handing down from generation to generation, while the nervous cells, forming this or that centre, keep their ability exactly to a given kind of functioning. Owing to this there are areas in the cortex, which from 'the birth' are predestined for the analytical and synthetic working up of information, coming in from without. These are projecting centres of excitability. Their fnl. predestination depends on a place of entry into the cortex of projecting fibres of bellow-laid parts of the nervous system. Around these centres the areas are disposed, where the results of associations are being fixed mainly at the expense of the elements of a given centre; slightly further the areas of the cortex are disposed, in which results of associations between centres of various fnl. significance are being secured.
   The ability to make associations in areas, situated outside the projecting centres of excitability, depends on the individual structure of the cortex expanding according to a genorecording heredited by the organism as well as from the experience gained after-wards. That is why these areas cannot be totally identical in various people and entirely depend on their individual genoheredity and phenodevelopment. Owing to this the capacity for localisation of newly acquired centres also differs among various people and even during the life of a man it is altering depending on the changes of psychical-physiological factors. Such centres as 'organising', 'inventiveness', 'compositional creativity' and many others ought to be attributed to the number of localised associative centres of the highest signal subsystems of the cerebrum, at the same time each centre has its own specialised irritants, analysers, associators and other sections similar to them. The analysis of the evolution of the highest signal subsystems' structure and its extrapolation show, that in future in the cerebral cortex mainly those layers and areas will receive a further development, which are predestined mostly for the formation of newer and newer associative centres, as the number of such centres will continue to grow with simultaneous increase in the aggregate spectrum of comprehended functions of the hypersystemic level.
   At the same time, the rapid localisation of the bigger and bigger number of associative fnl. centres in the cortex is not accompanied simultaneously by appropriate alterations of biophysiological parameters of the man's organism. For this reason a strictly limited quantity of oxygen and nutrition, taking part in metabolic processes going in the cerebrum, come into it. The existing subsystem of supply is unable to provide simultaneous active functioning of one hundred and more centres of excitement at once, and it is difficult even to imagine a result of their joint work. Owing to this, the work of the cortex's centres is being coordinated in such a way, that at any given moment of time only a few of them function simultaneously. All the others are inhibited, reactively passive and consume nutrition and oxygen in the most minimum of quantities. If it is necessary, a part of inhibited centres can be excited, but at the same time the excitement goes out of a part of the centres that were functioning before. The above coordination underlay, a so named 'roving centre of heed', functioning in each cerebrum, which is keeping order so that at every given moment a strictly limited set of the cortex's centres is in the mode of active functioning and all the others remain in the inhibited state.
   It is possible to compare the action of the roving centre of heed in connecting in turn centres of the cerebral cortex to active functioning with playing of the piano, when a musician presses in turn by five-ten fingers now one, now another set of piano-keys to select an appropriate gamut of sounds which reconstitute a marvellous melody. If he presses simultaneously more than fifty keys, we would hear nothing harmonious. It is possible to observe the same in the cerebral cortex, where bioelectric impulses of currents of diverse magnitude are overflowing soundlessly along communications of neurone's ensembles of various sets of fnl. centres of signal subsystems, initiating all the diversity of activity of the multimilliardth human civilisation over thousands of years.
   As the fnl. differentiation and hypersystemic integration take place, in the cerebral cortex of every man depending on a fnl. cell, in which he is functioning as a fng. unit, some certain gamut of centres is being excited much more often than the others. Its active use, but that also means a more intensified nutrition gives the cells of its centres an advantage in development with respect to cells of other centres, being permanently in the inhibited condition. The genetic heredity to posterity the structure of organism hands down also this specific difference in fnl. nuances of signal subsystems of the cerebrum, fixed afterwards in the process of the phenodevelopment of an organism. That is why someone of five years old already plays the violin perfectly, others over hours do something, ignoring their friends of the same age playing with a ball, the third ones like drawing, someone else, having good hearing and voice, sings songs uncommonly well, and so on. Thus, already in children's games it is possible to trace fnl. versatility of people, inherited genetically. With age it becomes much more considerable.
   Yet I.P. Pavlov singled out among the variety of the human behaviour four different types of psychical temperaments, which afterwards began to be named as sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholy. Still earlier an original differentiation of functional abilities and psychophysiological distinction of people depending on the month and the year of their birth were noticed in countries of the ancient East (China, Japan) and therefore a keen interest is being taken until now in horoscopes by the Eastern calendar. In reality the phenogenetic classification of human individuals, which is still to be made up in prospect, is far wider, though on man's outward appearance it reflects in no way and that creates in people's notion the impression (or an illusion) of fnl. equivalentness of all human organisms and causes a certain muddle while filling in fnl. cells of hyperorganisms with fng. units. The correct understanding and soonest practical use of fnl. peculiarities of the cerebrum of each individual with the help of the functional-psychological classification of man's types made up in full volume would have a great effect on improvement on both the social-economic and the private life of people of any hyperorganism (from an amelioration of quality of functioning in every fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of hyperorganisms to a reduction of the number of divorces).
   As we have already noted earlier, the genetic coding of fnl. abilities of fng. units - people to the implementation of a certain row of specific fnl. algorithms had resulted with time in the appearance of their sharply expressed genetic heterogeneity, that is to an unidentical ability to implement these or those fnl. algorithms. By now the genetic non-uniformity corrected by the phenotypic imposition (that is by an experience and knowledge gained during the life of an individual) has reached such a straggle that all human diversity can be already safely divided as a minimum into three varieties of people (though possibly five and more), absolutely different intrinsically (inside the hemispheres of the cerebrum of each individual only!), but outwardly differing practically by nothing:
   1. The individuals phenogenetically of the highest category.
   Here we can attribute all creative people with a highly developed intellect who have also received a good combination of portions of the phenogenofund, that is a good heredity plus an excellent upbringing and education, and who are mentally healthy. They are the carriers of many-sided spectrums of specialised centres of all four signal subsystems of the cerebral cortex, but first of all of its associative centres. One or several associative centres of their spectrums, as a rule, are developed extraordinarily. They have a high culture and morals. Exactly such individuals replenish the rows of the creative intelligentsia; in the midst of them are born outstanding scientists and statesmen, organisers and inventors, famous writers, poets and active politicians, well-known actors and film producers, journalists, doctors, big businessmen, artists, composers, distinguished military leaders, etc. It is the most beneficial for society that individuals of this category should occupy fnl. cells at upper parts of hypersystemic pyramids.
   2. The individuals phenogenetically of the medium category.
   Here we can attribute executive people with a middling developed intellect who have also a mediocre combination of portions of the phenogenofund, that is a good heredity plus poor upbringing and education, or a bad heredity plus good upbringing and education. Their spectrum of specialised centres is much more scanty and the centres themselves are much more ordinary, than those of the previous group. A deficiency of associative centres is above all felt. Such individuals are better for the roles of executors, therefore they supplement mainly the rows of the technical intelligentsia; from the midst of them ordinary engineers, technicians, functionaries, doctors, teachers, employers, workers, musicians, mediocre writers, servicemen, farmers and so on emerge. Owing to this, fnl. cells of middle and low parts of hypersystemic pyramids ought to be filled in exactly with them.
   3. The individuals phenogenetically of the lowest category.
   Here we can attribute all people with a poorly developed or under-developed intellect who have received the worst combination of portions of the phenogenofund, that is a bad heredity plus poor upbringing and education. These people are often mentally unbalanced, but sometimes simply have mental deviations. In rather narrow spectrums of their specialised centres in contradistinction to two previous groups only centres of the first signal subsystem mainly prevail, the others are in an undeveloped state or not present at all. Their culture, morals and standards of behaviour are usually at the comparatively lowest level and often are accompanied by one or several vices. These individuals cannot join normally any systemic formation and therefore supplement the rows of negligent workmen, low-skilled labour force, just primitive people, but before all, of various criminals, terrorists, alcoholics, racketeers, thieves, bribe-takers, rapists, murderers, simply mentally abnormal individuals (danger categories of schizophrenics, drug addicts, fanatics, maniacs and so on), etc. Bearing this in mind, society is obliged to take individuals of this category under particular control, to place them into specially isolated fnl. cells. Otherwise society may find itself as their hostage or, much worse, draw nearer to the verge of its collapse.
   From the history we know that both the second and the third categories of people are inclined to unification. So, the second one is uniting into trade unions, parties, etc. As for unifications of people of the third category such ones ought to be attributed as gangs, bands, Mafias, sects and so on. The first one, the highest category of people, owing to their paucity and specific character of functioning, practically does not know mass unifications. The most danger and unpredictability constitute unifications formed from representatives of both the lowest categories.
   Society, as a rule, is fighting with people of the third category, isolating them from the first two ones and forcing to function in the mode of operation of the second category, but sometimes simply mortifying them. Society has to do that to remain robust. In situations when representatives of the third, the lowest category, start to penetrate into fnl. cells up along the vertical of fnl. social pyramids, a lingering indisposition, but sometimes also an extreme danger threatens society. That is why the struggle for democracy and human rights should be carried on taking into account all above named factors, otherwise maniacs and schizophrenics, idlers and thieves will always have the same rights and privileges as workers and farmers, inventors and doctors, or worse than that, be their managers.
   In each country the entire population divides obligatorily into these minimum three varieties of people and the higher a percentage of people of the highest categories lives in it, the more highly developed a given country can be considered (compare Austria, Sweden and Germany, on the one hand, and Guinea, Nigeria and Afghanistan, on the other hand). Those countries, in the social spectrum of which an appreciable part of the people occupy, attributed to the individuals phenogenetically of the lowest category, with the tendency towards an increase of this part, it is possible with confidence to rank among countries becoming gradually degraded. The time will come when each nation and country will be receiving periodically a comparative estimation of the level of its aggregate intellectual development, which will depend on the size of shares in its social spectrum being occupied by each of categories of individuals.
   So then, regarding with which exact phenogenofund and temperament a fng. unit - individual occupies a given fnl. cell, the efficiency of implementation of appropriate algorithms as well as the keeping up of contacts with fng. units of related fnl. cells depend on in many respects. At the present-day hypersystemic organisation a paramount importance should be attached to this factor, meanwhile the higher a fnl. cell is situated in the hierarchy of fnl. pyramids, the more requirements a fng. unit filling in it should meet, in the phenogenofund of which an appropriate spectrum of associative centres of the highest signal subsystem of his cerebrum should be traced distinctly, and in the first instance, those responsible for 'the organising creativity'. The communicability of this fng. unit should be appropriate as well.
   The motion of Matter in quality-time entails, as we have established, a permanent augmentation of new functions (). At the present level of the Evolution this in its turn is leading to the complication of the hypersystemic organisation of human society, at which more and more functions fall on fnl. cells of the pyramids' tops. For the effective implementation of these multiplying functions fng. units with a wider and wider spectrum of associative centres of the cerebral cortex begin to be required. It is quite natural that it becomes more and more intricate to pick such individuals. Therefore, recently the cases began to occur more and more often, when in a fnl. cell several fng. units are being combined, whose diverse sets of the cortex's associative centres mutually complement one another, providing the need for a more comprehensive spectrum. The correct combination of the cerebra's fnl. abilities of several fng. units with various associative centres became the basis of the activity of 'collective leadership' of hyperorganisms' development, forming almost their 'collective brain' or a superbrain. As samples to that can serve first of all a family council, a council of elders, a board of directors, an academic council, the State Council, the European Council, the UN Security Council and so on. The further perfection of this process will be the best combination of associative centres of fng. units, being included into organs of collective government, in the aggregate spectrum of any super brain being formed, therefore the selection of candidates into each fnl. cell of any council by individual intellectual capabilities ought to be particularly thorough and not casual.
   It is quite natural that establishment of individual contacts for the sake of mutual understanding takes, as a rule, a relatively long period of time, which is practically very difficult to realise in the process of active public functioning, especially in fnl. cells of the highest level, due to an objective scantiness of time. Therefore in some high-organised hypersystems the 'block method' of replacement of fng. units, picked by the principle of mutual complementation, began to be used more and more in fnl. cells of the top of a government pyramid. So, in the USA and other countries, while taking the post a newly elected president replaces the whole 'team' of fng. units of the administration in the upper level of the leadership. In Great Britain apart from the acting cabinet of ministers there is always a well-adjusted 'shadow' cabinet of the opposition ready for public activity. And so on...
   The evolution of hyperorganisms, as we know, did not finish at the creation of the organisational structure of present-day states. As a result of the activation of this process the tendency to a bigger geosystemic integration was outlined recently, at which already states themselves as fng. units began to fill in fnl. cells of newly created superhyperorganisms. Starting from military coordination, this process is taking in more and more also the economic life, assisting in the arising of such superhyperunions as NATO, the European Economic Community, North American Economic Union, OPEC, etc. As examples of geosystemic formations of the highest for today organisational level L the European Union and the UNO ought to be considered.
   At the same time the process of further integration of the joint human Mind (so named the noosphere or the Supermind) and self-consciousness, mainly through the mass media, is continuing gradually as well. In the basis of their mechanisms there is the formation of specific associative centres in the cerebra of a bigger and bigger number of individuals of all Humanity, equally tuned in to realising general problems and searching for their solutions. The more and more active functioning of the Supermind permits the opportunity of a rise in the level of problems being considered, as the possibilities of re-combinations in it are practically endless. The noosphere contains also all the information accumulated by mankind during the whole period of its development. Such familiar objects as the aggregate individual memory, textbooks, libraries, archives, museums and so on should be considered as elements of the noosphere.
   Thus, Humanity realises itself more and more as a single world Society. Therefore the time should come very soon when a single world Parliament and a single world Government, created, for example on the base of the UNO, leaning for support in their activity on the Supreme Council of Experts (the collective scientific Mind, formed from a group of leading scientists from various countries) will be in charge of all processes within the limits of the Earth's civilisation. Exactly these organs of a supreme world governing, on the recommendations of the Supreme Council of Experts, will determine an optimal number and regulate the growth of the population on our planet, proceeding from the needs and possibilities of Humanity itself. Its numbers already now exceeds five and a half billion people, which means that only to feed all of them more than 5 million tons of various high-nutritious foodstuffs and as much again of clean drinking water is required every day. Precisely this world governing body will take care of the problems of the reduction of still increasing death-bringing ozone holes in the stratosphere and the augmentation of the fecund humus layer of the soil as well as of afforestations, producing oxygen. It should be involved in the burial of nuclear wastes in a most reasonable way and the struggle with pollution of the sea and oceans as well as of the Earth's atmosphere. Exactly it should organise the struggle with international crime and terrorism, other mental deviations and manifestations, assisting at the same time the propagation everywhere of high-level upbringing and education of human individuals as the main method of the aggregate cutting down of the share of individuals of the lowest category in the limits of the entire Humanity, etc.
   But where is the limit of the systemic integration of Matter itself seen? As a reply to this question it is necessary to emphasise once again that all of us are still staying on one of the smallest islets - the Earth, surrounded by the boundless space of the Universe, into which Humanity fastens unwittingly more and more often their gazes. It is really so that as the theatre of the deployment of structures of the latest organisational levels of Matter it should be considered (since we have no other information) the surface of the Earth...
   But already space ships have breached this spatial isolation in the timid search of other civilisations or in initial attempts of detaching from our own. And this is only the beginning of a NEW PERIOD (the period of extrasuperhyperorganisation in the limits of the visible in the future motion of the evolving Matter along the conceptual organisational level M).
   There is no doubt that Man has appeared as a result of the motion in quality along one of perspective branches of the Evolution of Matter, at which the further organising part is falling more and more on the highest signal subsystems of his Cerebrum. However, apart from the perfection of the systemic organisation of superhyperorganisms he should take no less care also of the environment (that is not to cut the bough on which he has grown up), and also of keeping a reasonable balance of his numbers, which should be adjusted in accordance with the dynamics of a required quantity of hyperorganisms' fnl. cells and of the ability of this or that group of the population to feed themselves in recommended norms as well as to receive a necessary for the present-day level of life upbringing and education. On how reasonably and rationally he will be doing it, the question depends, if our branch of the Evolution of Matter is a deadlock. Anyhow, nobody should forget, that the overwhelming majority of the present civilisation lives in areas of hypersystemic degradation and is attributed to individuals of the lowest category, and also that Humanity already possesses a multiple possibility of destroying itself. It is enough to press a few buttons... And all that depends not on some abstract man, but on concrete people, occupying at present these or those fnl. cells of existing hyperorganisms, on us with you. Therefore, each person is obliged during his life to develop and keep up his capabilities, knowledge and skill, in order to have the highest possible intellectual potential and correspond at a maximum to the present-day level of development of the advanced part of society, and then to the progress of evolution of Matter as a whole.
   In our contemporary world we are the witnesses of the constant polarisation of hypersystemic relations. Until Humanity remains isolated in the limits of the Earth, the factor of systems' bipolarity, always assisting in a spatial division of the energetic centre from the entropic one, will be acting apart from our will, leaving the hyperorganisms situated in the limits of action of the entropic centre to live more modestly, than more organisationally perfect hyperorganisms of the energetic centre. Nevertheless, the state of homeostasis of each hypersystem and its functional perspectivity entirely depends on the coefficient of fnl. efficiency of systemic organisation, examined by us, the growth of which is pre-determined by the existence of Matter itself. Logic says that it should be higher with hyperorganisms of the fourth type, but it will not grow by itself - everyone should be persistently striving for this.
   Standing on the top of the whole past time, Man, acquiring a bigger and bigger capacity for abstract thinking, glances also at a visible future. But he should remember permanently that the period of his active creative functioning is at the present.

"What does not develop does not live, but what does not live is dying."

V.G. Belinskij


[ To Contents ] [ Postface ]

Igor I. Kondrashin - Dialectics of Matter (Preface)

[ To Contents ]

Igor I. Kondrashin

Dialectics of Matter


More than one hundred years ago doubts were expressed for the first time that two known categories - space and time - were sufficient to realise the world surrounding us.

   In this book a new, the third category, equal in significance to the first two, is described for the first time. It is indissolubly linked with them and has no less influence on our life than they. With the help of this category explanations are given in the book of many events and phenomena, the cause of origin of which was until now unknown.
   In addition to those interested in philosophy, the book is also intented for people who are merely inquisitive and have active minds. Every educated person should possess the knowledge mentioned in the book in order to orient himself correctly in modern life.


Preface

The past two centuries have seen great advances in science and philosophy, adding to the "accumulating fund of human knowledge". A hundred years ago, Engels wrote the Dialectics of Nature, which was just one stage in a philosophical revolution that also involved Marx, Lenin, Hegel and others. The Diaiectics of Matter is a similarly profound philosophical treatise, incorporating the revolutionary science of this century - the great work of Einstein, et al.

The first chapter of the book defines the three important parameters of the work: space, time and quality. Space and time are easily understood. Space comprises the three dimensions in which we move; Einstein showed that space and time are intimately linked as four dimensions forming a single continuum. If matter does move over a certain time, its space will change, but co-ordinates can not describe all that is happening. Since the matter might then suit a different function, its quality will have changed. With these three "methods of counting", we have three ways in which matter can move: motion in space, motion in time and motion in quality. In the most important equation of the book, the sum of this movement, or evolution, is a constant.

Matter is not an arbitrary concoction of disorderly forms. It exists as numerous complex systemic formations, strictly regulated by the rules of motion in the space-time-quality continuum. Each system has separate periods of formation, growth, stability, dwindling and death. There are several rules for this systemic formation of matter. The concept of organisational levels, n, is particularly important. A system which functions at a characteristic level, n, might be made up of systems functioning at level n-l, and form part of a system functioning at level n+1.

Our world has evolved in a cascade fashion. If we look at matter functioning today at level n, we can assume previous stages at levels n-l, n-2, n-3, etc. The absolute zero level of qualitative development is not known; who knows how evolution started? The lowest known level can be termed as a level a and is a vacuum at zero vibration, populated only by fleeting appearances of particle-antiparticle pairs. Level A comprises quarks and the gluons that hold them together. Level AA is the leptons - a separate sublevel of the systemic formation of matter as electrons and photons are often seen as free entities. Similarly separate are the baryons functioning at level AB: Pi-, Mu- and K-, which are formed from levels A and AA, but take no part in the further evolution of matter. The elementary particles, protons and neutrons, form level B.

The hundred or more elements constitute systemic formations of level C. They exist as atoms 10-8 cm across with a nucleus occupying the 10-13 cm at the centre. The nuclear species are held together by a balance of attractive and repulsive forces. Electrons were thought to orbit the nucleus in what was a powerful model of this sub-microscopic world, but they are now considered to be stationary waves occupying an uncertain trajectory.

   What we know of the evolution of these elements corresponds well with the philosophical theory linking space, time and quality. Formed in expanding space, they became confined in solar systems, and evolution had to be satisfied by motion in quality, forming the simple molecules functioning at level D, such as H2.

The rest of the evolutionary processes were also confined in space, so the constant rate of evolution could only be satisfied by changes in quality. This explains the concept of entropy, the various phases of matter functioning at level E, and the formation of complex molecules functioning at level F, such as enzymes, chlorophyll and haemoglobin. Matter functioning at level G formed a world suitable for life by altering the Earth's crust and atmosphere. Life appears in matter functioning at level H, with the first coacervatical drops of amino acids and proteins, and eventually the magical RNA and DNA. Most life functions at level I; man is the system functioning at level K. With bodily evolution at an end, man has evolved through the different communities in which he has lived: primordial communities, slave-holding states, feudal states, the capitalist period and the modern age of hyper-organisation.

The penultimate chapter concerns the systematic architectonics of organisational matter, with man evolving through thought and brainpower. It concludes that man should remember the present when contemplating the future: "What is not developing does not live, but what does not live, is dying". The Postface asserts that consciousness is the primary manifestation of advanced forms of matter.

Dialectics of Matter is a systemic approach to the fundamentals of philosophy. It takes a question, which has always puzzled scientists - why have we evolved? - and solves it by thought. It does this by invoking the concept of quality, as a property of matter, to explain the many changes that have taken place since the dawn of the Universe.

The book is a fascinating complement to the knowledge of all those interested in the Big Bang or Darwinism. So much of science concentrates on how things happen, as if the deduction of the mechanism alone can provide the whole story. This is a book that fills a gap, by providing a coherent logical theory for why evolution has taken place. The book will find a market with the many scientists who have pondered over the deeper meanings of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The Dialectics of Matter is written with the layman in mind. Igor Kondrashin is clearly a master of philosophy and science, who knows that his readership will be less knowledgeable of both. Therefore, he has used few long words and little jargon. Everything is explained in simple language and the important facts are repeated enough times and in as many diverse ways as are necessary to penetrate the most unfamiliar of minds. Overall, the language is that of a learned author, who is trying to teach and share his knowledge, rather than show off and confuse. There is also some maths in the book, but it never gets beyond simple equations, and it certainly never gets frightening. The book is nicely organised as well; making full use of everything a modern word-processor has to offer. There are changes of typeface and several unusual characters to please the eye in this very attractive document.

The book has many impressive passages and a couple deserves special commendation. Firstly, the description of the lower levels of matter is an excellent piece of writing. Quarks, electrons, Pi-mesons, gluons, etc. can get very complicated and confusing. The author has judged his treatment of this subject perfectly: to have said more would have been confusing; to say less would not have been telling the whole story. I would recommend these chapters to anybody studying science. Secondly, I found the idea that evolution is driven by motion-in-quality particularly profound with respect to the formation of the large molecules necessary for life. This is one of the stumbling blocks in conventional Darwinist theory, as it seems too unlikely. The treatment of the subject in this book makes it seem as though the formation of DNA had to happen.

By treating advanced science alongside groundbreaking philosophy, Dialectics of Matter is an admirable book for the breadth of its subject material. It starts by mentioning Einstein alongside Marx, and continues in this vein, drawing on the best of both disciplines. The book covers the whole history of the universe, from the vibration-free vacuum, which started it all off, to the future, which occupies so much of man's thoughts. We do not quite learn the Meaning of Life here, but we come quite close!

Dialectics of Matter is a well thought out and successful combination of science and philosophy. It is a serious, yet accessible book, and I am certain it is viable for reading by everyone.

Dr. Graham G. Almond


[ To Contents ] [ Introduction ]

Igor I. Kondrashin - Dialectics of Matter (Postface)

[ To Contents ]

Igor I. Kondrashin

Dialectics of Matter

Postface

So, the historic dispute between various philosophic schools about what is primary - Matter or Consciousness - by the logic of Dialectics of Matter is reduced to the obvious truth, that Consciousness, having appeared at a certain stage in the process of the progress of Mind, constitutes a psychical manifestation of the highest organ